Table. 2.

Uses of plants, local name, family, habit, mode of use, route of use, diseases cure and ethnobotanical recipes of plants recorded at Jhelum Valley villages (Lowasi, Kimanja, Pathyali) Azad Jammu and Kashmir (add reference with ethnomedicinal uses)

Plant name Local name Family Habit Mode of use Part used Route of use Diseases cure Ethnomedicinal uses
Abies pindrow Royle Tung Pinaceae WT Tea Bark Orally Cough, asthma The inner portion of bark boiled in water ads some sugar then used the patient for children ½ tsp in day for two days for adults, half cup for four days.
Acacia modesta Wall. Phulaai Mimosaceae WT Powder Bark Orally Leucorrhoea, sexual disability Fresh bark powder used for the treatment of sexual debility and leucorrhoea children not allows, for adults 1tsp for 7 days.
Acacia nilotica L. Kikaar Mimosaceae WT Powder Whole plant Orally Gleet, leucorrhoea, sexual debility, diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, cough, asthma, and phlegm 1 kg of dry pods used for the treatments of mention disorder for 7 days child not allow. ½ kg of dried leaves, dried flowers, and dried pods ground, powder used for 7 days.
Achillea millefolium L. Dand Jari Asteraceae WH Powder Root Orally Toothache Dry roots grounded for 10 minutes make powder the powder store in bottle and given to patient suffering from toothache powder rub on teeth for 6–7 minutes.
Achyranthes aspera L. Putkhanda Amranthaceae WH Ash, decoction Whole plant Orally Cough asthma, kidney stone, and kidney pain Dried fruit powder used for the treatments of asthma and cough for child ½ tbs for adults, 1 tbs of ash powder for 8 days. (b) Fresh decoctions used for Kidney problems for adults ½ cups for 4-day child not allow.
Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf.ex Holmes Mori Ranunculaceae WH Paste Flower Orally Cough rheumatism, asthma, and snakebite Fresh flower gullkand used for the cure of asthma, rheumatism, snake bite, and cough 1 tsp used for 4 days.
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle Patrees Ranunculaceae WH Powder Roots Orally Diabetes and earache Dry root powder given to patient suffering from diabetes and earache orally for children ½ tbs for 3–4 days for adults 1 tbs for 5–6 days.
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Kakawa Kakapi Adiantaceae WH Decoction Whole plant Orally Chest pain, measles, rashes, and fever Fresh plant decoction given the patient for chest pain, measles, rashes, and fever for children, ½ cup of decoction given for 5 days for adults, 1 cup given 6 days.
Aesculus indica Wall ex.camb. Bankhor Hippodastenaceae WT Powder Fruit Orally Diabetes ½ kg of dry fruit powder given to patient of diabetes for 3 tbs with for 10 days.
Ailanthus altissimus (Mill.) Swingle Daravaya Simaroubaceae CT Extract Leaves Orally Dysentery, diarrhea Fresh leaves are grounded this extract of leaves gives the patient of diarrhea and dysentery with one cup of water 2 time in a day for 5–6 days.
Ajuga bracteosa Wall., ex Benth Janeadam Lamiaceae WH Infusion Whole plant Orally Blood purification, earache, throat pain, blood purification, body inflammation, eye pain and skin lesions Fresh plant material ground added water then filtered and use for the treatments of theses disorder.
Allium cepa L. Piyaz Alliaceae CT Juice Bulb Orally, Dermal Diarrhea, dysentery, skin lesions, cholera Bulb ground and this juice given to patients scales slightly dipped in oil and placed on infected skin for 5–6 days.
Allium sativum L. Thoom Alliaceae CT Cooked, oil Corm Ear, dermally Earache, pimples, hypertension, and flue Fried bulblets oil used for earache one fresh bulblet cut in middle and applied directly on pimples for 3 minutes twice daily for 6 day 2 fresh bulblets directly cooked on fire for 1 minute then given to patient for flue and hypertension when needed.
Aloe vera L. Kowargandal Liliaceae WH Pulp Leaves Orally, dermally Weakness, indigestion, backache, lesion, pimple, muscle pain, and inflammations The sweet meal used to cure diseases used for 4 days. (b) The fresh pulp used directly on the skin for pimple, lesion, and inflammation.
Amaranthus viridis L. Ganayar Amaranthaceae WH Powder, cooked Seed, leaves Orally Vision disorder and constipation Dried seeds and 3 tbs sugar mixed and ground together used for 12–15 days. Cooke leaves as vegetables and eat for cure of constipation.
Anethum graveolens L. Soya Apiaceae CH Cooked Whole plant Orally Indigestion, diuretic, gastric problems and eye pain Fresh plant material cooked in oil add some salt for 14 minutes then eat for digestive and gastric problems and seed boiled in water then filtered the material and given to patient for cure of diuretic problem and eye pain for children ½ cup for adults 1 cup for 6 days.
Arisaema utile Hook.f.ex Schott Sanp-boti, sorganda Araceae WH Powder Tubers seed Orally, dermally Gastritis, asthma, skin (pimples) and skin lesion Powder of tubers used for 3 days fresh tuber applied on skin for lesion and pimple. 2–3 seeds orally eaten daily for 3 days for the treatments of gastritis and asthma child no allow.
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) Gao zaban Boraginaceae WH Tea Root, leaves Orally Liver problem, gastritis, and fever Tea of root used to cure liver problem and gastritis, fever and liver disorder for children 2 tsp and for adults 1 cup for a week.
Artemisia vulgaris L. Chaow Asteraceae WH Infusion Leaves Ear Earache Fresh leaves ground with one cup of water for 10 minutes then filtered with piece of cloth. The infusion use to cure the disease of earache for children 1 drops of infusion for 3 days for adult 2 drops for 6–7 days.
Berberis lycium Royle in Trans. L. Sumbal Bereridaceae WS Decoction, extract, powder Whole plant Orally, dermally Pimple, mouth sores, throat pains, back pain, stomach disorder, liver disorder, wound healing and purify blood, jaundice, rheumatism, dental disorder, ear problem (a) Fresh leaves extract used for 8 days. (b) Bark filtered extract for 6 days. (c) Dried bark powder sprinkled on injuries or wounds for 5 days.
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Butpawa Saxifragaceae WH Powder, paste Rhizome Orally Stomach ulcer, back pain, mouth sore, mouth ulcer, piles, dysentery, and wounds healing stomache Dried rhizome powder given for 7 days. (b) Dried rhizome ground and make (halwa) given for 8 days.
Bistorta amplexicaulis
(D. Don)		 Masloon Polygonaceae WH Tea Roots Orally Rheumatism gastritis and cold Domestic tea used in cold, gastritis, and joints pain.
Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. Itsit Nyctaginaceae WS Decoction Whole plant Orally Jaundice and constipation Fresh plant material boiled and given for 6–7 days.
Brassica rapa L. Sarson Brassicaceae CH Oil, powder Pods + seed Orally, dermally Leucorrhoea, menstrual disorder, muscular pain, dry skin and dandruff Fresh pods powder used for menstrual disorder, leucorrhoea, and muscular pain for children, not used for adults, 1–2 tsp given with for 10 days. (b) Brassica seed oil used for the treatment of dry skin gently applies on skin and message head for treatment of dry hairs.
Calotropis procera (Wild) R. Br. Auk Asclepidaceae WT Milk, powder Leaves Orally, dermally Snake bite, dog bite, insect sting, asthma, and cough (a) Fresh milk (latex) applied over the affected parts of snakebite, dog bite, and insect sting until the patient feels relief. (b) The leaves powder given to patients suffering from asthma and cough for children, not used for adults for 10 days.
Cannabis sativa L. Bang Cannabinaceae WH Decoction Leaves Orally Intoxication and loss of appetite Fresh or dried leaves with ads some sugar boiled and filtered then drinks by the age of 25–50 year man for intoxication.
Cedrela toona Roxb.ex Willd. Neem Meliaceae WT Powder Leaves Orally Blood disorder, pimple, hepatic disorder, and stomach problem Dried leaves powder used for adults, 2–3 tsp for 15 days.
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) Deodar Pinaceae WT Resin Arial part Dermally Fracture bone and cracked skin The resin dermally used on cracked skin and on fractured bone.
Cestrum nocturnum L Rat Ki Rani Solanaceae CH Extract Leaves Orally Epilepsy Leaves extract used for epilepsy for children 2–3 tsp for 5–6 days for adults 3 tsp for 7 days.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Bathwaa Chenopodiaceae WH Decoction Leaves Orally Gastritis, piles, stomachache and indigestion Half kg of fresh leaves boiled and used child not used for adults; ½ cup of decoction for 4–5 days.
Cichorium intybus L. Kasni Booti Asteraceae WH Decoction Whole plant Orally Fever, jaundice, gas trouble and diabetes Fresh plant with 3 tbs sugar boiled and used for 6 days.
Citrus aurantium Var.Dulcis L. Malta Rutaceae CS Raw, powder Fruit Orally, dermally Jaundice and achne Fruit eaten as a raw form to treat the disease of jaundice and half kg of dry pericarp of citrus in powder form mix in ½ cup of water then directly apply on face one time in a day child no use.
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Limo Rutaceaea CS Juice Fruit Orally Hypertension, vomiting, cholera, fever and skin tonic (a) Fresh fruit juice used for 2–3 days green tea boiled add lemon juice and used for 8–10 days.
Citrus maxima (Burman) Merrill Chakootra Rutaceae CT Raw Fruit Orally Heart disease, diabetes Fruit eaten by the patient in a raw form for the treatment of heart and diabetes problems.
Coriandrum sativum L. Dania Apiaceae CH Paste Leaves Orally Diuretic, gastritis, stomache, and indigestion Fresh leaves orally eaten for the cure of gastric problems, diuretic, stomache, and indigestion for children and adults ½ plate for 6 days (b) The root eaten in raw form against jaundice and improves eyesight. (c) The juice obtaining by grinding the root use both children and adults drink the juice.
Cotinus coggyria Scop. Pahan Anacardiaceae WH Paste Leaves Orally Fever, anemia and pimple Paste of leaves and flowers used in skin diseases and orally used for the treatment of fever and anemia for children ½ tsp of paste for adults 1 tsp of paste for 5 days.
Cucumis sativus L. Kheera Cucurbitaceae CH Raw Fruit Orally, dermally Indigestion, skin problems (achne), tonic and diuretic (a) The fresh fruit cut into pieces and eat as raw for the cure of dyspepsia, tonic, and diuretic problem. (b) The pieces of fresh fruit dermally applied for the treatment of skin problems like achne.
Curcuma longa L. Haldi Zingiberaceae CH Powder Rhizome Orally, dermally Inflammation,dysentery,wound healing, insect sting, fractured bone, skin tonic and menstrual pain (a) Dry rhizome powder use orally for children 1 tsp for adults 2 tsp for 4–5 days 3 tsp of curcuma mixed half cup of gram grain (basen) and half cup of curd mixed together paste apply on skin for skin completion. For children not allow. For adults for 4–5 days. (d) For menstrual pain 1 tsp of curcuma powder in one fried egg eaten for the treatment of pain in women.
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Neela Tari Cuscutaceae WH Infusion Arial part Orally Jaundice The infusion of plant used by patient of jaundice, for one week The extract of the plant use to get rid of dandruff.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Gass Poaceae WH Paste Whole plant Dermally Wound healing, control bleeding Plant paste applied for control bleeding and wound healing for 5 days.
Cyperus rotundus L. Muthroon Cyperaceae WH Powder Paste Rhizome Orally, dermally Piles, sexual debility, wound healing, toothache (a) A mixture of dried stolon and sugar (halwa) used. (b) Fresh rhizome paste directly applies on wound for 3 days. (c) Fresh rhizome paste applies on tooth for cure of toothache 3–4 time in a day for 3–4 days.
Datura innoxia Miller Datura Solanaceae WH Powder Leave, seeds Orally Cough, asthma ½ kg dried leaves, half cup dried seeds used for 8–12 days.
Daucus carota L. Gajor Apiaceae CV Juice, raw Root Orally Weak eyesight, jaundice, skin tonic The root eaten in a raw form against jaundice and improves eyesight.
Dodonaea viscosa L. Sanatha Sapindaceae WS Paste, decoction Leaves Orally, dermally Rheumatism intestinal worm (a) Fresh leaves boiled the decoction used by patient (b) Fresh leaves boiled used for intestinal worms for children used for 3–4 days.
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke Budi Mava Rosaceae WH Raw Fruit, Leaves Orally Stomach ulcers, liver disorder, diarrhea Fruit edible and has a very pleasant strawberry flavor. The fruit used to treat stomach ulcers and liver disorder.
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl Lokat Rosaceae CH Juice Fruit Orally Diabetes ½ kg of fruit pulp juice and use orally twice a day to treat diabetes and obesity for children ½ cup for 8 days for adults 1 cup once in a day for 10 days.
Euphorbia helioscopia L. Doodal Euphorbiaceae WH Powder Whole plant Dermally Wound healing, control bleeding, remove pus from ulcer Powder of plant use for the cure of wound healing, control bleeding, and remove puss from wound used for 5 days.
Ficus carica Forssk. Pughwara Moraceae WH Milk, raw Leaves and fruit Orally, dermally Remove prickle, constipation Milk latex used as prickle easily drawn fresh fruits eaten by both children and adults to cure constipation.
Foeniculum
vulgar Mill		 Sonaf Apiaceae CH Infusion Seed Orally Constipation, gastritis Dried seeds infusion used for 5–8 days.
Fragaria nubicola Landle ex Lacaita Tatar Mava Rosaceae WH Tea Root Orally Liver inflammation Fresh roots tea for 5 days.
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Papraa Fumariaceae WH Decoction Whole plant Orally Skin infection achne, constipation, blood purification Fresh plant material used for 5 days.
Galium aparine L. Bora Jarri Rubiaceae WH Extract Whole plant Orally Diuretic, kidney pain Plant material extract given for 5 days.
Geranium wallichianum D. Don Ratnaa Gereniaceae WH Extract Roots, flower Orally Jaundice, kidney pain, week eye side, blood purification and eye pain Floral extract used for vision problem and blood purification. Root powder with Daucus carota also used for jaundice, kidney, and spleen problems.
Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, Hort. Buldi Araliaceae WH Chewed Leaves Orally Diabetes Fresh leaves chewed for the treatment of toothache and sore gum.
Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. Bantill Balsaminaceae WH Chewed Leaves Orally Toothache, sore gum The roots decoction used for 3 days. Bandage o root paste applied and chewed for abdominal pain.
Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Baker Khanthi Papilionaceae WS Chewed, paste, decoction Roots Orally, dermally Abdominal pain and cracked body The roots decoction used for 3 days. Bandage o root paste applied and chewed for abdominal pain.
Ipomea nil (L.) Roth Eldi Convolvulaceae Wc Powder Seeds Orally Constipation, intestinal worm Dried seeds powder used for 7 days.
Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Pemar Lamiaceae WS Leaves Extract Dermally Antilice Leaves grounded for 10 minutes the extract used to wash hair for removal of lice’s.
Juglans regia L. Akhroot Juglandaceae CT Raw, miswak Bark seed Orally Physical weakness, toothache, bad tooth, cholesterol Kernels eaten as remedy for physical health and for cholesterol control bark or fresh branches used for toothache. Bark cut with a knife daily and used as a toothbrush (miswak) for toothache and bad tooth.
Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss Google Toop Asteraceae WH Powder, decoction Roots Orally Back pain, gastritis A decoction of root used as back pain and gastritis.
Justicia adhatoda L. Baker Acanthaceae WS Powder, ash Whole plant Orally Cough asthma, bronchitis, dysentery diarrhea, phlegm, jaundice, diabetes, mouth sores, toothaches, tuberculosis and purify blood Dried leaves powder for 5 days for adults, 1 tbs for 8 days A sweet preserve used for 10–15 days.
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill Tamater Solanaceae CS Juice, raw Fruit Orally, dermally Liver disorder, skin lesions, achne Eating fully-grown tomato for liver problems fresh tomato juice used directly on skin to sure skin diseases.
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. Kamiila Euphorbiaceae WT Powder Seeds Orally Constipation, intestinal worm Dried seeds powder given to patients suffering from constipation and intestinal worms for children, ½ tsp for 2 days for adults 1 tsp for 6 days.
Malva parviflora L. Sonchal Lamiaceae WH Cooked Leaves Orally Constipation, diabetes, cough Fresh leaves cooked and given to patient suffering from constipation, cough, and diabetes for 3 days.
Melia azedarach L. Daraak Meliaceae WT Decoction, paste Leaves Dermally, orally Eye disease, blood purification, diabetes, malaria fever, headache Leaves decoction used for eye diseases, blood purification, diabetes, and malarial fever for children, 1 tsp and for adults, 2 tbs of for 8–10 days. Fresh leaves paste used for headaches and body swelling due to injury.
Mentha longifolia (L.) huds Barina Lamiaceae WH Tea, powder Leaves Orally Vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis, acidity, indigestion, nausea cholera dysentery and stomache (a) Fresh leaves tea for 4 days. (b) Dried leaves powder given to patient suffering from indigestion and vomiting for children ½ tbs for 2 days for adults 1 tbs of powder for 3 days.
Mentha royleana Benth. Podina Lamiaceae WH Tea, powder Leaves Orally Vomiting, diarrhea gastritis, acidity, indigestion, cholera, dysentery, stomache, nausea and loss of appetite (a) Fresh leaves adds in water and make tea and given to patients suffering from vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis, acidity, cholera, stomache, nausea, dysentery, and indigestion for 5 days. (b) Dried leaves powder given to patient suffering from indigestion and vomiting for children ½ tbs for 2 days for adults 1 tbs of powder for 3 days.
Momordica charantia L. Kerala Cucurbitaceae CH Juice, cooked Fruit Orally Diabetes, earache The fruit grinded and given to patient for children 2–3 tsp in ½ cup 6 days for adults 3–4 tsp for 10–15 days. Cooked Momordica charantia also use to cure these problems
Morchela
esculenta L.		 Guchi Helviliaceae F Powder Whole plant Dermally Wound healing Dry morchela ground and make a powder the powder poured on wound for.
Morus alba L. Toot Moraceae WT Juice Fruit Orally Throat problems, toothache Fresh fruits juice given to the patient suffering from throat problem and toothache twice a day for two weeks both children and adults dried fruit eaten for the treatment of throat problem and anemia for children 3–4 fruit grain eaten with ½ cup of water for adults, 4–5 fruit grain for 5 days.
Morus nigra L. Shah Toot Moraceae WT Juice Fruit Orally Throat problem, anemia Fresh fruits crushed and given to the patient suffering from throat problem and toothache twice a day for two weeks both children and adults.
Myrsine africana L. Khukun Myrsinaceae WS Powder Fruit Orally Jaundice Dry fruits powder given to patient suffering from jaundice day for 5 days.
Nigella sativa L. Kalvangi Nigellaceae CH Raw, tea Seed Orally Hypertension, heart disease Seeds eaten in empty stomach at morning to cure hypertension heart patients given its extract/tea with juice as domestic therapy.
Ocimum
basilicum L.		 Babri Lamiaceae CH Soaked Seeds Orally Diarrhea, nausea, indigestion, stomache 2 tsp of Ocimum seeds soaked and given to patient suffering from diarrhea, indigestion stomache and nausea for adults 1 glass for 3–4 day for children 3–4 tsp 3–4 days.
Oenthera rosea L. Aazta Onagraceae WH Extract Seed Orally Diabetes, snake bite, dog bite Fresh plant material grounded for 10–15 minutes then added some water the bitter extract given patient of diabetes and on the attack of snake and dog bite.
Olea ferruginea Royle Koi, Koh Oleaceae WT Decoction, miswak, chewed Leaves, twigs Orally Mouth sore, sore throat, bad tooth and mouth ulcer Fresh leaves boiled and given to patients suffering from mouth sore, mouth ulcer, and throat sore for 4 days. For bad tooth, 6-inch young twigs cut with a knife daily and used as a toothbrush (miswak) for mouth sores and bad tooth.
Origanum vulgare L. Benjamin Lamiaceae WH Cooked Leaves Orally Stomache, indigestion Leaves cooked as vegetable and used raw as a salad. Leaves used to treat digestive problems.
Oxalis corniculata L. Khatti Meethi Oxalidaceae WH Extract Whole plant Orally, dermally Stomache, liver inflammation, wound healing, and stop bleeding Fresh plant material ground and used for 10 days Fresh material ground and then the paste applied to stop bleeding.
Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Mamakh Paeoniaceae WH Paste Tubers Orally Rheumatism, backaches Dried tubers powder cooked in desighee used to cure rheumatism and backaches for 5 days.
Pinus roxburghii Sargent Cheer Pinaceae WT Infusion Leaves Orally Chicken pox, tuberculosis Fresh leaves ground and used for 5 days. Set under the tree for half hours and breathe in the air for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson Biyar Pinaceae WT Resin Arial part Orally Intestinal worms Resin mixed eaten, which useful for the expulsion of worms for children up to 7 days.
Pistacia chinensis (J.L. Stewart) Kanger Anacardiaceae WT Powder Fruits Orally Cough Dried fruit the powdered drug for 10 days.
Plantago
lanceolata L.		 Chamchi Patter Plantaginaceae WH Paste Leaves Orally Dysentery, phlegm The leaves crushed and mixed with brown sugar that to cure dysentery and phlegm treatment.
Plantago ovata Forssk. Chamchi Patter Plantaginaceae WH Soaked Seeds Orally Dysentery, phlegm 3 tbs of died seeds (soaked) used for 10–14 days.
Polygonum aviculare L. Tarobra Polygonaceae WH Powder Leaves Orally Stomache, wound healing, piles The powder of seeds used for the treatment dysentery. The decoctions of plant used for the treatment of wounds, bleeding, and piles. The juice of plant used externally to stop nose bleeding and sore throat.
Prunus amygdalus Batsch Badam Rosaceae CT Oil, raw Seed Orally, dermally Baldness, poor memory For hair loss, place a little almond oil on the skin of head and massage for 5–6 minutes 3–4 seeds eaten daily for treatment of poor memory.
Prunus armeniaca L. Khobani Rosaceae CT Soaked Seed Orally Typhoid fever Kernels of seeds put in water overnight at morning given to patient suffering from typhoid fever.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Aroo Rosaceae CT Extract Leaves Orally Remove intestinal worm Fresh leaves ground and given to patient for explosion of intestinal worms for adults not used.
Psidium guajava L. Amrood Myrtaceae Cultivated tree Raw Fruit Orally Indigestion, constipation Fresh fruit eaten as raw to cure the stomach problems and constipation both children and adults eat 1 fruit in a day for 5–6 days.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Kuta Kunji, Or Braken Fern Pteridaceae WH Decoction Rhizome Orally Diarrhea, sore throat, mouth sores, vomiting, dysentery, muscular pain, earache Fresh rhizomes boiled used for 3 days.
Punica granatum L. Daroon Punicaceae WS Decoction, powder Fruit Orally Diarrhea, dysentery, piles, diabetes intestinal worms, fever, whooping cough, indigestion stomach disorder, jaundice, vomiting, sore gums, toothache, purify blood and liver disorder (a) Dried powder used for 8–10 days for sore gums and toothache, 1 tsp of powdered drug rubbed on teeth 2–3 times per day for 8–10 days. For whooping cough and sore gums, 1 tsp of powdered drug or dried rind crushed under teeth once daily at bedtime for 3–4 days.
Pyrus communis L. Nashpati Rosaceae WT Powder Fruit Orally Cough Dry fruit grounded and make powder the powder given to patient suffering from cough for children 1 tsp of powder 1 time in a day for adults 2–3 tsp in a day for 4–5 days.
Pyrus malus L. Sabe Rosaceae CT Juice Fruit, flower Orally Deficiency of iron, anemia, heart problems (a) Fruit ground for 5 minutes with 1 tbs of sugar the juice given to patient to fulfill the need of iron in blood and anemia eat raw apple in a day fresh flower petals gullkand for heart problem for 15–10 days.
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Batangi Rosaceae WT Raw Fruit Orally Constipation Fruit eaten as raw for the treatment of constipation.
Quercus incana Roxb. Rein Fagaceae WT Powder, paste Bark, fruit Dermally, orally Dysentery, diarrhea, wound healing, broken bones, leucorrhea (a) Dried bark in milk form paste used (b) Powder mixed with flour placed externally on wounds, and eats for dysentery, leucorrhea, and diarrhea.
Ranunculus laetus Wall.ex Hook. F.& Thoms Chambel Booti Ranunculaceae WH Paste Leaves Dermally Eczema Fresh leaves ground (malum) applied on infected parts and wounds for 3 days.
Raphanus raphanistrum L. Moli Brassicaceae CH Raw Root Orally Jaundice The fresh root eaten in a raw from for the treatment of jaundice.
Rheum australe D. Don Chotiyal Polygonaceae WH Powder Root Orally Piles, asthma, stomache, gastritis The root powder used for the treatment of piles, gastritis, and asthma and stomache for children 1 tsp in a day for adults 2 tsp in a day for 5 days.
Rosa chinensis Jacq. Gulaab Rosaceae Cultivated shrub Paste, infusion Flower Orally, eye Constipation, eye diseases, leucorrhoea, heart problem (a) Fresh flower petals gullkand prepared from constipation, leucorrhoea, and heart problem for 15–20 days. (b) Fresh petals of Rosa boiled in water then filter with filtration pot the rose water used to cure eye pain day for 5 days.
Rubus niveus thumb Garachaa Rosaceae WS Infusion Root Orally Cough, sore throat Dry root boiled in water then the infusion used for the treatment of cough and sore throat.
Rumex dentatus L. Khatimbal Polygonaceae WH Decoction Whole plant Orally, dermally Cough, fever, asthma, wound healing, hepatitis b, wound cleaning (a) Fresh roots sweet meal (halwa) given to patients suffering from cough, asthma, hepatitis-B and fever for children, 2 tsp of drug given for 3 days for adults, 5 tsp for 10 days. (b) Fresh plant material ground the paste applies on wound for healing and cleaning wounds.
Rumex hastatus D. Don, Prodr. Hola Polygonaceae WH Cooked, extract Leaves Orally, dermally Constipation, remove prickle, wound healing, wound cleaning Fresh leaves cook for 30 minutes eaten by patient suffering from constipation. Fresh leaves on the skin that affect form prickle for 5 minutes. Fresh leaves grounded for 5 minutes the extract of leaves use for cleaning wounds while the paste applies on wound for healing.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Rantha Sapindaceae WT Infusion Fruit, seed Dermally, orally Dandruff, stomache, leucorrhea Leaves grounded aqueous extract of leaves used for fever and gastritis problems for 3 days. Seed powder used for stomached.
Sarcococca
saligna (D. Don)		 Ban Sutra Buxaceae WH Extract Leaves Orally Fever, gastritis Leaves grounded aqueous extract of leaves used for fever and gastritis problems for 3 days.
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch Kuth Asteraceae WH Powder Root Orally Cough, toothache asthma Dry roots grounded powder the powder use to backache, cure cough and asthma for children ½ tsp with 1 cup of water for 5 days for adults 1 tsp with one cup of water for 5 days.
Senecio chrysanthernoldes D. C Bagoon Asteraceae WH Extract Leaves Orally Rashes, stomache cholera Whole plant used in stomach disorders the extract of leaf mixed into water and employed on skin diseases and stomache in infants, and it good reliever against cholera too.
Sibbaldia procumbens L Matri Rosaceae WH Infusion Whole plant Orally Gastritis, stomache Fresh plant material boiled and given to patient suffering from gastritis and stomache for children ½ cup for adults 1 cup in day for 3–4 days.
Skimmia laureola (DC.) Sieb. Naraa Rutaceae WH Decoction Leaves Orally Kidney pain, asthasms, stomache Fresh leaves boiled and used for 6–7 days.
Solanum melongena L. Bangan Solanaceae CH Cooked Fruit Orally Cholesterol Fruit cooked in an oil with some sat added the take twice a day to lower the cholesterol level.
Solanum nigrum L. Kachmach Solanaceae WH Decoction Leaves Orally, dermally Mouth sore, clean wounds, constipation Fresh leaves boiled, then it filtered and use to clean wounds, mouth sores, and constipation. Half a cup of decoction applied 3–4 times per day for 6–7 days for mouth sores.
Spinacia
oleracea L.		 Palaak Amaranthaceae CH Cooked, paste Leaves Orally Blood purification, ANEMIA The fresh leaves paste used orally with water for blood purification and Anemia the cooked Spinacia also used.
Syzygium aromaticum L. Longe Myrtaceae CT Raw Seed Orally Toothache 1 dried cloves leave above the cavity around the damaged tooth.
Syzygium cumminii L. Jamun Myrtaceae CT Powder Seed, fruits Orally Diabetes Dried seeds ground for 5 minutes make powder the powder store in bottle and given to patient suffering from diabetes for children ½ tbs for adults 1tbs 2 times in a day for 10–15 days.
Taraxacum officinale Weber Hand Asteraceae WH Decoction Rhizome Orally Jaundice, diabetes Dried rhizomes boiled in water given to patients for 10–12 days.
Thlaspi arvense L. Jangli Brassicaceae WH Powder Seed Orally Rheumatism Seeds grounded for 10 minutes the powder for 3 days.
Thymus linearis Benth. Chekal Lamiaceae WH Powder Flower Orally Gastrirus, menstrual pain Dry flower grounded for 10 minutes the powder used for 3 days.
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Ajwain Apiaceae CH Powder, tea Seeds Orally Kidney stone, indigestion, cough, appetizers, gastric problems Seeds dry leaves of Mentha longifolia, ground together make a powder given to patient suffering from stomache, appetizer, cough, kidney stone, and gastric problems and for appetizers. For children ½ tbs for 2 days for adults 1 tbs of powder with one day for 3 days.
Triticum aestivum L. Ghandam Poaceae CH Powder Seeds Orally Stomach pain, lose motion Wheat grains powdery mass called nashashta given to patient suffering from stomach pain and loss motion.
Viburnum grandiflorum Wall.ex DC. Guch Caprifoliaceae WS Juice Fruit Orally Stomache, blood purification Fruit juice for the treatment of stomache and blood purification for children ½ cup in a day for 3 days for adults 1 cup in a day for 4–5 days.
Viola canescens Wall.ex Roxb. Gullnaksh Violaceae WH Infusion Whole plant Orally Cold, cough, asthma, jaundice, headache, sore throat, toothache Infusion of plant material used 4–5 days.
Vitex negundo L. Marvani Verbinaceae WT Powder Seeds Orally Gas trouble, cholera stomache Dried seeds powder used for 4 days.
Vitis vinifera L. Anghor (Monaka) Vitaceae Cultivated climber Raw Fruit Orally Pneumonia Dry fruit eaten as raw for the treatment of pneumonia for children 1 fruit in one time a day for 3–4 days for adults 2–3 fruit in a day for 4–5 days.
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S. Kurz Thavii Lythraceae WH Powder Flower Orally Diarrhea, vomiting, wound healing, menstrual disturbance, leucorrhea Powder given used for 4 days. Dried flowers powder with sugar make halwa in ghee used for 3 days.
Xanthium strumarium L. Mota Kanda Asteraceae WH Powder Seeds Orally Asthma Dry seeds of powder used for 7–8 days.
Zanthoxylum armatum DC, Prodr. Timber Rutaceaea WS Powder, miswak Fruit, twig Orally Gastritis, cholera, bad tooth, indigestion, mouth sore, toothache, mouth ulcer and stomache (a) Dried fruit ground for 8 minutes. The powder used for 5 days. (b) For mouth sores, bad tooth, and toothache, 6-inch young twigs cut with a knife daily and used as a toothbrush (miswak).
Zea mays L. Maaki Poaceae CH Decoction, powder Flower Orally, dermally Kidney pain, kidney stone, urinary disorder, and remove pus from wound Decoction of stigma used for 3 days. (b) Old resident stem (koli) rubbing on stone the powder directly apply on skin (phora) to remove pus form them.
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Adrak Zingiberaceae CH Tea Rhizome Orally Cold, cough, nausea A tea is prepared by pouring boiling water over of the coarsely powdered ginger and stained taken to prevent vomiting, cough, and nausea.
Zizyphus numalaria L. Bari Rhamnaceae WS Powder Fruit Orally Constipation Dried fruit is ground into powder and given for 3 days.
Zizyphus
oxyphylla Edgew.		 Pithni Rhamnaceae WS Decoction Roots Orally Mouth sore, skin disease (lesion), earache, high blood pressure Fresh roots boiled given to patients suffering from mouth sores, skin lesions, earache, and high blood pressure for children, 1–2 tbs o for 4–5 days for adults 3–4 tsp for 8–10 days.

WT: wild tree; WH: wild herb; CT: cultivated tree; CH: cultivated herb; WS: wild shrub; CV: cultivated vegetables; Wc: wild clumber; CS: cultivated shrub.
J Ecol Environ 2024;48:- https://doi.org/10.5141/jee.24.053
© J Ecol Environ