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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of carbon cycle and budget of a forest ecosystem. Carbon or CO2 fluxes are indicated by arrows. The exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ecosystem can be evaluated as the balance of photosynthetic CO2 absorption (gross primary production) and respiratory CO2 release (ecosystem respiration), and these are the part of the major components of climate—ecosystem interaction. In general net exchange rate of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ecosystem is measured by eddy covariance method. Within the ecosystem, photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthetic matters, and respiration of plants and heterotrophic organisms are the major components of ecological process of carbon cycle and budget. In general, these components are measured by ecological and biogeochemical research.
J Ecol Environ 2023;47:- https://doi.org/10.5141/jee.23.069
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